Urology

Urological Conditions

Interstitial Cystitis

Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention of Interstitial Cystitis

The causes of interstitial cystitis are still unknown. We do know it is not caused by stress (though stress reduction can be therapeutic and possibly reduce symptoms), nor is it a psychosomatic disorder. Although harmful bacteria can cause common cystitis, neither bacteria nor viruses (pathogens) seem to cause IC. This isn't to say that some currently unknown infectious agent could be discovered in the future.

Currently, researchers are investigating a number of theories about the causes of IC. The major theory is that the layer of protein that normally protects the lining of the bladder (the epithelium) from toxins (poisons) in urine breaks down. The bladder lining is then exposed to these toxins and becomes irritated, inflamed, and painful, and the bladder itself is less able to store urine. Why the protective layer breaks down is still unknown.

Other theories about the causes of interstitial cystitis (IC) suggest that:

IC may be an autoimmune disease, perhaps a response to a previous bladder infection (in an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks healthy cells)

Substances in urine may irritate the bladders of people with IC

Spasms of the pelvic floor muscles may contribute to IC symptoms

Bacteria not detectable through routine urine tests may cause IC

IC may occur after gynecological surgery

Heredity may play a role in IC, although no gene has yet been identified as a cause

Some evidence suggests an increased risk for IC in Jewish people

Studies of mothers, daughters, and twins suggest a hereditary risk factor

Because the cause(s) of interstitial cystitis (IC) are still uncertain, no definite preventative measures exist. However, we are sure that smoking irritates the bladder and is the number one cause of bladder cancer, so quitting smoking may be the best preventative measure you can take against IC.

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